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The Mullaperiyar Dam issue is a long-standing dispute between Kerala and Tamil Nadu over the safety and water storage level of the 130-year-old dam, with Kerala expressing safety concerns and Tamil Nadu insisting on raising the water level for irrigation.
A 1886 lease indenture between the Maharaja of Travancore and the Secretary of State for India allowed for the construction of the Periyar irrigation works, which included the Mullaperiyar Dam.
In 1979, a minor earthquake caused cracks in the dam, and the Central Water Commission recommended lowering the water level.
In 2006, the Supreme Court permitted the reservoir level to be raised to 142 feet.
In 2014, the Supreme Court deemed the Kerala Irrigation and Water Conservation (Amendment) Act, 2006 invalid.
The Supreme Court has intervened and constituted committees to study the issues and provide recommendations, but a permanent solution remains elusive.
Kerala has made a strong pitch in the Supreme Court to decommission the dam and build a new one, citing climate change and erratic rainfall as factors increasing the risk of catastrophe.
Tamil Nadu has accused Kerala of obstructing maintenance and repair works, while Kerala has accused Tamil Nadu of not addressing safety concerns.
Mullaperiyar Dam (IPA: [mulĖÉpĖeɾijÉĖr]) is a masonry gravity dam on the Periyar River of Idukki district of Indian state of Kerala. It is situated 150km south east of Kochi and 200km north east of state capital city of Trivandrum.[2][3] It is located 881 m (2,890 ft) above the sea level, on the Cardamom Hills of the Western Ghats in Thekkady, Idukki District of Kerala, India. It was constructed between 1887 and 1895 by John Pennycuick and also reached in an agreement to divert water eastwards to the Madras Presidency area (present-day Tamil Nadu). It has a height of 53.6 m (176 ft) from the foundation, and a length of 365.7 m (1,200 ft).[2] The Periyar National Park in Thekkady is located around the dam’s reservoir. The dam is built at the confluence of Mullayar and Periyar rivers. The dam is located in Kerala on the river Periyar,[2][7] but is operated and maintained by the neighbouring state of Tamil Nadu.[2][8][9] Although the Periyar River has a total catchment area of 5398 km2 with 114 km2 downstream from the dam in Tamil Nadu,[10][11] the catchment area of the Mullaperiyar Dam itself lies entirely in Kerala and thus not an inter-State river.[12][13][14] On 21 November 2014, the water level hit 142 feet for first time in 35 years.[15] The reservoir again hit the maximum limit of 142 feet on 15 August 2018, following incessant rains in the state of Kerala. In a 2021 UNU-INWEH report about ageing large dams around the world, Mullaperiyar dam was said to be “situated in a seismically active area with significant structural flaws and poses risk to 3.5 million people if the 100+ years old dam were to fail”.[16][17]
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