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Introduction to Environment – Environmental studies: Definition, scope and importance –
Multidisciplinary nature of environmental studies – Segments of Environment – Spheres of Earth
Lithosphere – Hydrosphere – Atmosphere – Different layers of atmosphere. Natural Resources:
Classification – Forest resources. Water resources. Mineral resources Food resources. Energy
resources. Land resources. Soil resources. Ecosystems: Concept of an ecosystem – Structure and
function of an ecosystem – Energy flow in the ecosystem. Types of ecosystem. Biodiversity and its
conservation: Introduction, definition, types. Biogeographical classification of India. Importance
and Value of biodiversity. Biodiversity hot spots. Threats and Conservation of biodiversity.
Environmental Pollution: Definition, cause, effects and control measures of: a. Air pollution.
b. Water pollution. c. Soil pollution. d. Marine pollution. e. Noise pollution. f. Thermal pollution h.
Light pollution. Solid Waste Management: Classification of solid wastes and management methods,
Composting, Incineration, Pyrolysis, Biogas production, Causes, effects and control measures
of urban and industrial wastes. Social Issues and the Environment: Urban problems related to
energy. Water conservation, rain water harvesting, watershed management. Environmental ethics:
Issues and possible solutions, climate change, global warming, acid rain, ozone layer depletion,
nuclear accidents and holocaust. Environment Protection Act. Air (Prevention and Control of
Pollution) Act. Water (Prevention and control of Pollution) Act. Wildlife Protection Act. Forest
Conservation Act. Human Population and the Environment: Environment and human health:
Human Rights, Value Education. Women and Child Welfare. Role of Information Technology in
Environment and human health.

Disaster management: Disaster definition – Types – Natural Disasters – Floods, drought,
cyclone, earthquakes, landslides, avalanches, volcanic eruptions, Heat and cold waves. Man Made
Disasters: Nuclear disasters, chemical disasters, biological disasters, building fire, coal fire, forest
fire, oil fire, road accidents, rail accidents, air accidents, sea accidents. International and National
strategy for disaster reduction. Concept of disaster management, national disaster management
framework; financial arrangements; role of NGOs, community-based organizations and media in
disaster management. Central, state, district and local administration in disaster control; Armed
forces in disaster response; Police and other organizations in disaster management.

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